Life expectancy
Average life expectancy at birth for English people in the late 16th and early 17th centuries was just under 40 – 39.7 years. However, this low figure was mostly due to the high rate of infant and child mortality; over 12% of all children born would die in their first year. With the hazards of infancy behind them, the death rate for children slowed but continued to occur. A cumulative total of 36% of children died before the age of six, and another 24% between the ages of seven and sixteen. In all, of 100 live births, 60 would die before the age of 16. A man or woman who reached the age of 30 could expect to live to 59. [Thomson Gale, 'Infant Mortality' (1998)]
Food shortages and insecurity were leading concerns in the 18th century, especially in Europe, and these were exacerbated by reduced harvests yields. Disease was another leading cause of death, with rats and fleas being the common carriers of disease, specifically plagues, during this era. Common diseases were dysentery, malaria, diphtheria, flu, typhoid, smallpox and leprosy. (Wikipedia)
Documents related to Philipp Krauss:
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| Philip Krauss birth 20 Apr 1819 film 4137289 page 1014 |
Translation by Robert Seal:
Number 14.
On the 20th of April [1819] in the morning at 5:00 am was born and on the 22nd of the same month midday at 1:00 pm was baptized "Phillp" [Philip]. Parents are the local citizen Philipp Krauß, currently still a private in the Grand Ducal Line Infantry Regiment [of the] Grand Duke, and his wife Margaretha, née Schollin. Baptismal witnesses are: (1) Philipp Wenz, local citizen and master weaver; (2) his wife Magdalena, née Lindin; (3) Christoph Lind, local citizen and master tailor; (4) his wife Magdalena, née Wenzin.
Graben, on the 22nd of April 1819. T. G. Beck, pastor.
In right margin: died 5 July 1823.Comment:
You're welcome, Kent. Yes, this was an interesting record. In the original record, the German word for "Line Infantry Regiment" is one long word: Linieninfanterieregiment.
Here are two links from the German Wikipedia which will better explain what a line infantry is and what a line regiment is:
Line infantry: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linieninfanterie
Line regiment: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinienregimentLine Infantry from German Wikipedia:
The term "line infantry" describes a supplement to line tactics . The line infantry included the musketeers and grenadiers , initially also the fusiliers - with the change in combat tactics, these were later classified as light infantry . The light infantry emerged in the 18th century when the line-up for battle began front of the massed in three lines infantry of to place light, mobile troops in the main meeting (infantry de ligne), which were . These were supposed to disturb the opposing front with targeted, irregular fire. Their cohesion was to be broken in particular by targeted fire at officers and the piece teams of the infantry guns. The light infantry was therefore also known as skirmishers or voltigeurs .
After the guards had changed in the Napoleonic Wars from special troops more or less entrusted with the protection of the sovereign to large regular combat units, it was obvious to introduce a different name.
The by Napoleon I founded on May 18, 1804, had Imperial Guard, expanded more and more and, with the Old Guard , the Middle Guard and the Young Guard, had almost two by 1815 divisions . Therefore, the terms "Infantry of the Line" and "Infantry of the Guard" prevailed. So the broad mass of the foot troops of the standing army was separated from the guard infantry on the one hand and the irregular light infantry formations on the other.
This gave the term "line infantry" a completely different meaning. Line Regiments from German Wikipedia:
The regiments of the line set up in the early 20th century, the broad mass of the regiments of the standing army . It was all the regiments that - if the army had a guard - did not belong to the guard.
The line regiments differed from guard regiments , Landwehr (military) , Landsturm and irregular light troops. When the light infantry , which was previously organized in smaller units such as the free battalions , became part of the line troops and land forces, guards and the national like became part of the warfare, the term line regiment was used to delimit these regiments from the constantly active regular units.
Line regiments were in the infantry ( line infantry ), cavalry and artillery . They usually also made up the largest proportion of the troop strength. Today we speak of in this context field armies and territorial In the case of cavalry, the term was also used until the end of the 18th century to differentiate it from other mounted units such as hussars , lancers and dragoons , which until then did not formally belong to the cavalry.
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| Philip Krauss death 5 July 1823 film 102550955 page 531 |
19. On the 5th of July [1823] at night at 11:00 pm died and on the 8th of the same month in the afternoon at 1:00 pm was buried: Philipp Krauß, 4 years, 2 months, 15 days old. The parents are: the local citizen Philipp Krauß and his wife Margaretha, née Scholl.
Witnesses were: Peter Braun, citizen and joiner, and Christoph Lind, citizen and tailor.
Graben, on the 8th of July 1823. C. Käß, pastor at Hochstetten as curate in charge.